Normal Cyber-Crises

Abstract Despite an increasing scholarly interest in cyber-security issues, the phenomenon of large-scale cyber-crises affecting critical infrastructure is largely unexplored. While some characteristics its consequence dynamics have been identified—prominently transboundary features—the underlying conditions that allow such to unfold not yet thoroughly explored. This chapter aims contribute bridging this gap by applying classical theoretical perspectives Normal Accidents (NA) and High Reliability organisations (HRO) on sociotechnical systems modern infrastructure. It argues NA (the combination interactive complexity tight coupling) can be found multiple layers operations (technical, cognitive, organisational macro). Implications are discussed terms connection crisis dynamics.